Bentuk-bentuk verba
Bentuk-bentuk verba antaralain:
- verba dasar. Contoh: walk please!; hear me please!; cook the vegetable!; sing a song please!
- verba present tense. Contoh: she walks to the school; they walk on the street; you take that pen from him.
- verba beraspek progresif. Contoh: I am studying here; she was sleeping when her mother came; we are coming soon; they are leaving for Bandung; she is studying soon.
- verba berkala lampau. Contoh: They went to the mosque; I worked for foreign company; I slept soundly last night; The student spelled the letters; Andry stopped smoking.
- verba beraspek perfek. Contoh: I have been in Yogyakarta for five years; She has gone to Bali recently; The had a lot of money; You have done the job well; We have taken bath.
Penggunaan Have dan Had
Have dan had adalah dua kata yang menunjukan aspek perfeck dan kala lampau. Dengan demikian ta sesudah kedua kata itu harus dalam bentuk verba ketiga atau participle. Perhatikan kalimat berikut:
- They had walked to school
- We have understood well
- He has taken the knife
- She would have done it very well
Penggunaan be
Verba be memiliki bentuk-bentuk yang lain sesuai dengan kala atau tense-nya. Bentuk-bentuk itu dalah am, is, was, were, be, being, yang masing-masing bentuk dapat diikuti oleh present participle atau past participle. Kalau mereka diikuti oleh present participle, maka mengandung makna aktif dan kalau diikuti oleh past participle maka ia bermakna pasif. Contoh:
- We are doing something
- The homework was done
- She is taking bath
- They are playing football
- The ball was kicked by the player
Penggunaan Will dan Would
Will dan would merupakan kata auxilary atau modal yang selalu diikuti oleh kata kerja dasar. Verba modal yang lain adalah shall, may minght, must dst selalu diikuti oleh verba dasar seperti contoh berikut:
- The boat will leave
- The doctor may come soon
- I shall die one day
- The must be tired
Penggunaan Past dan Present Tense
Hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam penggunaan past dan present tense adalah, jika induk kalimatnya past tense maka anak kalimat juga past tense. Juga kalau induk kalimatnya simple present tense maka anak kalimat harus simple present tense. Peratikan contoh berikut:
- He took the money when he wanted it
- He takes the money whe he wants it
- You came here as she was not here
- She gave the pen to her when she cried
Penggunaan Time Marker
Kala dalam bahasa Inggris dipengaruhi oleh penanda waktu yang akan memengaruhi penggunaan bentuk verba. Kalau penanda waktunya menunjukan waktu lampau maka verbanya harus bentuk kedua, kalau penanda waktu akan datang maka verbanya harus verba pertama (dasar), kalau penanda waktunya progresif maka verbanya harus berbentuk _ing, kalau penanda waktu perfect maka verbanya harus perfect, dst. Perhatian contoh berikut:
- She got a job two years aga
- Seha has worked ver hard lately
- We had left there by 1990
- We moved to New York in 1970
- We have lived in San Fransisco since 1992
- They are sleeping now
Penggunaan Kala dengan Will dan Would
Baik will maupu would merupakan kata-kata yang dapat memengaruhi penggunaan kala yang lain. Kata will digunakan kalau induk kalimat dalam simple present tense; would digunakan kalau induk kalimat past tense. Perhatikan contoh berikut:
- I know that they will come here soon
- It is certin that they will die
- I knew that he would marry er
- It was sure that he would die
Penggunaan Kala dengan Have dan Had
Baik have maupun had merupakan kata-kata yang dapat memengaruhi penggunaan kala yang lain. Kata have digunakan untuk anak kalimat dalam present tense; had digunakan kalau anak kalimat past tense. Perhatikan contoh berikut:
- Every time John works on his car, he has improved it
- Every time John worked on his car, he had improved it.
- Sue had lived to San Fransisco for ten years when she moved.
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